Exploration of animal model of sepsis caused by lung bacterial infection / 中国医师杂志

Objective:Animal models of sepsis are mainly established by cecal ligation and puncture which causes mixed bacterial infections in the abdominal cavity. However in internal clinic, sepsis is more common to be caused by respiratory bacterial infections. Therefore, it is necessary to establish animal models of sepsis caused by lung Infection.Methods:According to the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) suspension and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) suspension, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were equally divided into 10 groups, including S-Cont group, S-0.75 group, S-1.5 group, S-3 group, S-6 group and P-Cont group, P-1 group, P-2 group, P-4 group, P-8 group. Rats in the control group were treated with normal saline nasal drip. Rats in each experimental group were infected by nasal dripping bacterial suspension with 0.75×10 8 CFU/ml, 1.5×10 8 CFU/ml, 3×10 8 CFU/ml, 6×10 8 CFU/ml of S. aureus suspension or 1×10 8 CFU/ml, 2×10 8 CFU/ml, 4×10 8 CFU/ml, 8×10 8CFU/ml P. aeruginosa suspension. Our study detected the body temperature (T), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) of rats in each group before and after infection, as well as blood lactic acid (Lac) and procalcitonin (PCT) level after infection. The lung infections of rats in each group were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Results:The blood pressure(BP) of S-1.5 group, S-3 group, S-6 group and P-8 group was lower than before infection (all P<0.05). The Lac and PCT of each S. aureus experimental group were higher than that of the S-Cont group (all P<0.01); and they showed an increasing trend with the increase of the bacterial suspension concentration ( P<0.05), except for the S-3 and S-6 group ( P>0.05). The Lac and PCT of each P. aeruginosa experimental group were higher than that of the P-Cont group (all P<0.01); and they showed an increasing trend with the increase of the bacterial suspension concentration (all P<0.05), except for the Lac in the P-4 group and P-8 group ( P>0.05). HE staining showed that different degrees of inflammatory infiltration can be seen in the lungs of the experimental rats in each group. Conclusions:Infection of rats by nasal dripping with 3×10 8 CFU/ml of S. aureus suspension or 4×10 8 CFU/ml of P. aeruginosa suspension could establish relatively stable rat sepsis model induced by lung bacterial infection, of which the former could also establish a relatively stable septic shock model.

Application of blood routine and four inflammatory markers in children with lower respiratory tract infection / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the differential expression of blood routine in different types of infection and the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PT), ferritin (SF) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in bacterial and mycoplasma pneumonia and their early warning value in severe cases.Method:A total of 627 patients, including 176 cases of bacterial pneumonia, 275 cases of mycoplasma pneumonia, 176 cases of viral infection and 180 cases of normal control were collected from May 2018 to December 2019 in children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics. The mycoplasma pneumonia group was divided into mild group (151 cases) and severe group (124 cases) according to the results of lavage fluid RNA-examination. All patients received completed blood routine test at the first day of admission, patients in bacteria group and Mycoplasma group received the examination of four inflammatory indicators. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the differences in blood routine results between different infection groups, and the differences of inflammatory indexes between bacterial group and Mycoplasma mild and severe group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-curve method was used to analyze the predictive value of inflammatory indexes between different infection groups.Results:There were significant differences in leukocyte count, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte percentage between bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, viral infection and normal control group ( P<0.05). The differences of four inflammatory indexes in bacterial group, mild Mycoplasma group and severe group were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The rest of the index (CRP, PCT, LDH, SF and white blood cell count) were P<0.05 (CRP: area under curve [AUC] 0.799; PCT: AUC 0.579; LDH: AUC 0.651; SF: AUC 0.854), in mild and severe mycoplasma group, except WBC, by ROC-curves analysis. The AUC value of the area under the curve of CRP and SF is high, and the sensitivity and specificity at the diagnostic critical point are high, which has great diagnostic value (CRP: diagnostic critical point 12.55 mg/L, sensitivity 0.719, specificity 0.755; SF: diagnostic critical point 176.02 μg/L, sensitivity 0.765, specificity 0.960). ROC curve results also showed that of PCT, White blood cell and neutrophil percentage had the diagnostic value in bacterial infection and mycoplasma infection, P<0.05 (PCT: AUC 0.658; leukocyte: AUC 0.804; neutrophil: AUC 0.630). Leukocyte count is the best differential index (diagnostic critical point 9.585×10 9/L, sensitivity 0.778, specificity 0.698), PCT has higher sensitivity at the diagnostic critical point of 0.55 μg/L, but the specificity is slightly lower (diagnostic critical point of 0.55 μg/L, sensitivity 0.862, specificity 0.366). Conclusions:PCT and leukocyte count can be used as the preferred inflammatory indexes to distinguish bacterial and mycoplasma infection. CRP, LDH, PCT and SF can be used as early warning indexes to evaluate severe mycoplasma infection.

Protocolo clínico de diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad que ingresan a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Clinical protocol for diagnosis and treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

La neumonía es una infección frecuente que se presenta en todas las edades, en cualquier tipo de pacientes y a nivel co-munitario u hospitalario. La neumonía que se origina en la comunidad afecta a los pacientes con comorbilidades y en los extremos de la vida. La mortalidad de la neumonía comunitaria (NC) per-manece elevada, los sistemas de salud deben implementar estrategias para diagnosticar y tratar de forma rápida a estos pacientes. Cuando un paciente con neumonía comunitaria es ingresado en la emergencia de cualquier hospital se debe categorizar su estado para que reciba el mejor tratamiento posible. La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) participa en la detección de los pacientes con neu-monía adquirida en la comunidad grave, con el objetivo de priorizar su atención para lograr las metas de manejo lo más rápido posible y disminuir la mortalidad de estos pacientes.

Pneumonia is a common infection that occurs in all ages, in any type of patient and at the community or hospital level. Community-originating pneumonia affects patients with comorbidities and at the ex-tremes of life. Mortality from commu-nity pneumonia remains high, health sys-tems must implement strategies to quickly diagnose and treat these patients. When a patient with community pneumonia is admitted to any hospital emergency, their condition must be categorized so that they receive the best possible treat-ment. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) participates in the detection of patients with severe community-acquired pneu-monia, with the objective of prioritizing their care to achieve management goals as quickly as possible and reduce the mortality of these patients.

Diagnostic value of TNF-α in patients with pulmonary infection after liver transplantation / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore diagnostic value of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with pulmonary infection after liver transplantation.Methods:The clinical data of 80 patients with pulmonary infection after liver transplantation in the the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2016 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different pathogens, they were divided into bacteria infection group ( n=35) and non-bacteria infection group ( n=45). The general data, levels of serum TNF-α, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was performed to explore risk factors for pulmonary infection after liver transplantation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to analyze diagnostic value of TNF-α, CRP and PCT. Results:The levels of serum TNF-α, CRP and PCT in bacteria infection group were significantly higher than those in non-bacteria infection group ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that high TNF-α, CRP, and PCT levels were independent risk factors for bacterial pneumonia after liver transplantation. ROC analysis showed that sensitivity, specificity and areas under ROC curves (AUC) of TNF-α, CRP and PCT for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were (80.12%, 72.12%, 80.18%), (83.45%, 73.46%, 83.38%) and (0.802, 0.751, 0.803), respectively. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity between TNF-α and PCT for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were similar ( P>0.05). The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of TNF-α for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were better than those of CRP ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The diagnostic value of TNF-α for pulmonary infection after liver transplantation is similar to that of PCT, and is superior to CRP. It can be applied as a reliable index for identifying bacterial pneumonia and non-bacterial pneumonia.

Randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and safety of Jiuwei-Zhuhuang San plus amoxilcillin sodium and sulbactam sodium for the children with bacterial pneumonia / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of Jiuwei-Zhuhuang San plus amoxilcillin sodium and sulbactam sodium in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in children. Methods:A total of 120 patients with bacterial pneumonia in children from 1 year to 14 years old were randomly divided into the study group ( n=90) and the control group ( n=30) with ratio 3 to 1, the random sequence created by SAS software. Both groups were treated with amoxilcillin sodium for basic treatment, the observation group was treated with Jiuwei-Zhuhuang San. Both groups were treated for 1 week and followed up for 1 week. The cough frequency, clinical effective rate, symptoms and signs score, Traditonal Chinese medicine (TCM) pattern scores and adverse event rate were observed. Results:Eighteen cases were dropped and eliminated in the observation group, and 4 cases were dropped and eliminated in the control group, so 72 of observation group and 26 of control group were analyzed. After treatment, the clinical effective rate of the observation group was 27.8% (20/72), and the control group was 0% (0/26), where the difference was significant ( χ2=7.445, P=0.006). The difference of TCM syndrome score before and after treatment in the observation group (-16.8 ± 8.2 vs. -11.0 ± 5.8, t=-3.858) was lower than that of the control group ( P<0.01). There was significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.347, P= 0.019) in the TCM syndrome. The cough frequency of the observation group was 41.7% (30/72), and the control group was 26.9% (7/26). There wasn’t any significant differences in the cough frequency between two groups ( P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in symptoms and signs score or adverse event rate between two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:On the basis of amoxicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium, combined use of Jiuwei-Zhuhuang San can improve the clinical effectiveness of children with bacterial pneumonia.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: evidências científicas / Ventilator-associated pneumonia: scientific evidence / Neumonía asociada al ventilador: evidencia científica

Justificativa e Objetivos: identificar os fatores relacionados à prevenção de Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica em pacientes de unidades de terapia intensiva. Método: revisão integrativa com buscas, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, SCOPUS e BDENF, entre 2007 e 2016, por estudos que apresentassem fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento da pneumonia em questão. A amostra final foi composta por nove estudos que abordaram como fatores de proteção a manutenção da cabeceira elevada entre 30° e 45°, a higiene oral com clorexidina, a necessidade de aspiração prévia à mudança de decúbito e a adoção de sistema de aspiração subglótica. Conclusão: o conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco e a aplicação de medidas preventivas podem contribuir para reduzir a incidência deste agravo no âmbito intensivo.(AU)

Background and objectives: to identify factors related to the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients of intensive care units. Method: this is an integrative review with searches for studies that presented factors related to the disease in question, in the LILACS, MEDLINE, SCOPUS and BDENF databases, between 2007 and 2016. The final sample consisted of nine studies that addressed as protective factors: maintenance of headboard elevation between 30° and 45°, oral hygiene with chlorhexidine, aspiration prior to decubitus change and adoption of Subglottic Aspiration System. Conclusion: the knowledge about risk factors and the application of preventive measures can contribute to reduce the incidence of this disease in the intensive care environment.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: identificar los factores relacionados con la prevención de la neumonía asociada al ventilador en pacientes en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Método: revisión integradora con búsquedas en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, SCOPUS y BDENF, entre 2007 y 2016, de estudios que tratan de los factores asociados al desarrollo de la referida neumonía. La muestra se compuso de nueve artículos, que abarcan como factores protectores el mantenimiento elevado de la cabecera entre 30° y 45°, la higiene oral con clorhexidina, la necesidad de aspiración antes del cambio de decúbito y la adopción del sistema de aspiración subglótica. Conclusiones: el conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo y la aplicabilidad de medidas preventivas pueden contribuir a la reducción de la incidencia de este problema en el área intensiva.(AU)

Diagnóstico etiológico de la neumonía: un problema en la práctica clínica pediátrica / Etiological diagnosis of pneumonia: a problem of pediatric clinical practice

Resumen La neumonía en niños es causa frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad, especialmente en países de bajos ingresos; es indispensable proporcionar una adecuada conducta terapéutica, idealmente orientada por etiología, pues la principal consecuencia de no establecer un diagnóstico etiológico preciso es el abuso de antibióticos. La evaluación clínica y radiológica son los pilares básicos para el diagnóstico de neumonía, y el conocimiento del comportamiento epidemiológico de los gérmenes y los biomarcadores ayudan a su aproximación etiológica. Se revisaron aspectos prácticos sobre el diagnóstico de la neumonía en niños, abordando criterios clínicos y epidemiológicos (edad y género), reactantes de fase aguda, hallazgos radiológicos y modelos de predicción etiológica utilizados como herramientas para la diferenciación de neumonía bacteriana de viral en menores de 18 años, en escenarios donde no se dispone rutinariamente de técnicas más precisas para diagnóstico rápido, como aquellas de tipo inmunológico o moleculares. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(1):39-52.

Abstract Pneumonia in children is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries. Due to this, it is indispensable to get a right therapeutic behavior, ideally focused by etiology, because the main consequence of not establishing an accurate etiological diagnosis is the abuse of antibiotics. The radiologic and clinic evaluations are basic pillars for pneumonia diagnosis and the knowledge in epidemiological behavior and biomarkers is very useful for an etiological approximation. Practical aspects were reviewed about pneumonia diagnosis in children, addressing clinic and epidemiological criteria (age and gender), acute phase reactants, radiological findings and etiological prediction models used as tools for differentiation between viral and bacterial pneumonia in children under 18 years old, in scenarios where it is not possible to find techniques for a right diagnostic, as those of immunologic and molecular types. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(1):39-52.

Neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica en pacientes atendidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in patients treated in an intensive care unit

RESUMEN Introducción: la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica presenta alta incidencia y mortalidad en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con ventilación mecánica, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos No. 2 del Hospital General Docente Abel Santamaría durante el año 2018 Método: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, en pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica. El universo estuvo constituido por los 92, con los que se trabajó en su totalidad. Se empleó la prueba Chi Cuadrado y Odds Ratio, así como la distribución mediante frecuencia absoluta y relativa porcentual Resultados: se encontró predominio de pacientes del sexo masculino (54,35 %), del grupo etario de 70 a 79 años de edad (32,6 %), y diagnóstico al ingreso de enfermedad cerebrovascular (36,96 %). La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica tardía representó el 76,08 % y los gérmenes Gram negativos el 86,96 %, predominaron los pacientes con Enterobacter, sp (47,83 %). La ventilación mecánica de más de 14 días representó el 58,7 %. Se encontró mayor riesgo de fallecer en los pacientes mayores de 70 años de edad (OR=10,8) y aquellos con ventilación mecánica mayor de 14 días (OR=2,93). Conclusiones: las enfermedades cerebrovasculares fueron comunes como diagnostico al ingreso. La infección por gérmenes Gram negativos desarrollados durante un proceso de ventilación tardía fue comunes. Las edades mayores de 70 años y una ventilación mecánica prolongada constituyeron factores de riesgo para la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation has a high incidence and mortality in intensive care units. Objective: to characterize patients with mechanical ventilation admitted the Intensive Care Unit No. 2 at Abel Santamaría General Teaching Hospital during 2018. Methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation. The target group consisted of 92, working with the totality of them. Chi Square and Odds Ratio tests were used, as well as the distribution by absolute frequency and relative percentage. Results: a predominance of male patients (54,35 %) was found, age group 70 to 79 years old (32,60 %) and diagnosis on admission of cerebrovascular disease (36,96 %). Pneumonia associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation represented 76,08 % and Gram-negative germs 86,96 %, patients with Enterobacter.sp (47,83 %) predominating. Mechanical ventilation of more than 14 days represented 58,7 %. Patients older than 70 years old (OR=10,8) and those with mechanical ventilation of more than 14 days (OR=2,93) had a higher risk of death. Conclusions: cerebrovascular diseases were common as a diagnosis at admission. Infection with Gram-negative germs developed during a prolonged mechanical ventilation process was common. Ages over 70 years and prolonged mechanical ventilation were risk factors for mortality.

Rhodococcus equi como causa de neumonía en el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida / Rhodococcus equi as a cause of pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

RESUMEN Rhodococcus equi es un microorganismo emergente asociado a infecciones oportunistas en individuos inmunocomprometidos, especialmente en pacientes con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Infomed, fueron revisados 215 trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, seleccionándose 55. El rhodococcus es un patógeno intracelular capaz de crecer y persistir dentro de los macrófagos que expresan en su superficie el receptor Mac-1 (CD11b/CC18), y posteriormente destruirlos. La manifestación clínica más frecuente es la neumonía de comienzo insidioso y en su evolución natural tiende a la cavitación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante su identificación en cultivo de muestras de tejido afectado. Los hemocultivos son positivos en el 50% de los inmunodeprimidos En el diagnóstico radiográfico, los hallazgos más comunes referidos en la literatura científica son el compromiso lobar y la cavitación. La particular evolución que experimentan los pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y neumonía por R. equi, obliga a implementar esquemas terapéuticos basados en antimicrobianos con actividad bactericida intracelular, administrados inicialmente por vía intravenosa y durante un tiempo prolongado e incluso la cirugía. La infección por R. equi es una complicación infrecuente en pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, pero con una elevada tasa de letalidad, por lo que debe ser sospechado en pacientes que presenten una infección respiratoria de curso inhabitual. El diagnóstico precoz, el tratamiento antimicrobiano combinado y prolongado y el inicio de la Terapia Antiretroviral de Gran Actividad en forma temprana pueden mejorar la evolución y el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Rhodococcus equi is an emergent microorganism associated to opportunistic infections in immune-compromised individuals, especially in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. A search was carried out in the Virtual Library of Infomed; 215 scientific works were reviewed without limits of publication years and countries. From them, 55 were chosen. Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular pathogen that is able to grow and live inside the macrophages expressing the Mac-1 (CD11b/CC18) receptor in the surface and destroying them later. The most common clinical manifestation is insidious beginning pneumonia, tending to cavitation in its natural evolution. The diagnosis is made through identification in culture of affected tissues samples. Blood cultures are positive in 50 % of the immune-depressed people. At the radiographic diagnosis, the most common findings referred to in the scientific literature are lobar compromise and cavitation. The particular evolution of the patients with acquired immune-deficiency syndrome and pneumonia due to Rhodococcus equi forces the implementation of therapeutic schemes based on antimicrobials with intracellular bactericide activity, administered firstly intravenously and during a long time, and even to perform the surgery. Rhodococcus equi infection is an infrequent complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but having a high lethality rate, therefore it should be suspected in patients presenting a respiratory infection of unusual curse. The precocious diagnosis, combined and prolonged antimicrobial treatment and early beginning of the highly active antiretroviral therapy could improve the evolution and prognosis of these patients.

The diagnostic and therapeutic effect of neutrophil CD64 index and procalcitonin in hemodialysis patients with bacterial pneumonia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To observe the changes of neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index and serum procalcitonin (PCT) in hemodialysis patients with bacterial pneumonia,and to evaluate the effect of these two indicators in the course of diagnosis and treatment.Methods Fifty-three cases of bacterial pneumonia undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in this study from November 2012 to November 2016 (infection group).At the same time,56 patients undergoing hemodialysis without bacterial infection (noninfection group) and fifty volunteers (control group) were also enrolled.The infection pathogen distribution,changes of nCD64 index and serum PCT in three groups were analyzed.And the changes of nCD64 index and serun.PCT before and after treatment in the infection group were analyzed too.Results Totally 53 strains of pathogens in the infection group were isolated,including 36 strains of gram-positive bacteria (accounting for 67.92％) and 17 strains of gram-negative bacteria (accounting for 32.08％).The nCD64 index of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:4.13 ± 0.43,0.82 ± 0.08 and 0.78 ± 0.08,and the serum PCT levels of infection group,non-infection group and control group were as following:(3.64 ± 0.29),(0.45 ± 0.04) and (0.45-± 0.04) μg/L.There were significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).The nCD64 index before and after treatment of infection group were 4.13 ± 0.43 and 0.86 ± 0.09.And serum PCT level before and after treatment of infection group were (3.64 ± 0.29) and (0.74 ± 0.07) μg/L.There were significant differences (P＜0.01).Conclusions The nCD64 index and serum PCT are sensitive indicators to determine the happening of bacterial pneumonia in patients undergoing hemodialysis,and it provides critical evidence for the evaluation of treatment in patients.

Imaging Features of Acinetobacter Baumannii Pneumonia / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose The incidence and drug resistance rate ofAcinetobacter baumannii pneumonia are becoming more and more serious.To summarize the computed tomography (CT) appearance ofAcinetobacter baumannii pneumonia and to provide evidence for early clinical diagnosis and treatment.Materials and Methods The imaging findings of 49 patients with sputum culture confirmed Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed,and the imaging features were summarized.Results The three most common patterns of chest CT findings in Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia were ground-glass opacification (69.4％,34/49),consolidation (67.3％,33/49),and pleural effusion (53.1％,26/49).While,the most common patterns of chest X-ray were pulmonary plaque (83.7％,41/49),consolidation (36.7％,18/49),and pleural effusion (36.7％,18/49).Further analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CT and X-ray findings between combined infection of Acinetobacter baumannii with other pathogens and single Acinetobacter baumanniizxcvbnm,infection (P＞0.05).Conclusion The three most common changes of chest imaging of Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia are ground-glass opacification,pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion.It is of great significance to summarize its imaging features for early diagnosis,treatment and prognosis-predicting.

Actinomicosis pulmonar. Presentación de un caso / Pulmonary Actinomycosis. A Case Report

La actinomicosis pulmonar es una enfermedad bacteriana infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 17 años de edad, procedente del África, con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus y malnutrición proteico-energética, atendido por médicos cubanos de misión en ese continente. El paciente presentó un absceso submandibular en la región lateral izquierda de la cara, posterior a varias manipulaciones odontológicas, con extensión a la porción superior anterior del tórax, trayecto fistuloso a este nivel y presencia de adenopatías en el cuello. Se realizó estudio de la lesión e inició tratamiento con antibióticoterapia, pero el cuadro no remitió y aparecieron nuevos síntomas, que junto a los exámenes imagenológicos sugirieron un proceso neumónico o neoplasia. Se decidió efectuar punción con aspiración por aguja fina que estableció el diagnóstico de actinomicosis pulmonar. Se instauró tratamiento antibiótico de elección con lo que se observó mejoría clínica y radiológica. Por ser una entidad que tiene una presentación clínica muy variada, pues puede simular desde un cuadro infeccioso banal hasta una neoplasia, y ser poco frecuente su localización en el pulmón, se decidió la presentación del caso.

Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare bacterial disease. We present the case of a 17-year-old African patient with a history of diabetes mellitus and protein-energy malnutrition, treated by Cuban doctors collaborating in that continent. The patient presented with a submandibular abscess on the left side of the face after dental manipulation, which had extended into the upper anterior chest with a fistulous pathway, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. The lesion was analyzed and treated with antibiotics, but the patient did not recover and new symptoms appeared, which together with the imaging tests, suggested a pneumonic process or neoplasia. A fine-needle aspiration led to the diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis. Antibiotic treatment of choice was applied resulting in clinical and radiological improvement. We decided to present this case given the varied clinical presentation of this entity, which can simulate a banal infection or a neoplasm, and its rare location.

Análise da tendência das taxas de internações por pneumonia bacteriana em crianças e adolescentes / Tendency analysis of admission rates for bacterial pneumonia in children and adolescents

Objetivo Analisar a distribuição e a tendência das taxas de internações por pneumonia bacteriana em crianças e adolescentes.Métodos Estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram calculados coeficientes de internação para 10.000 habitantes, por triênio. Para análise de tendência utilizaram-se modelos de regressão polinomial.Resultados As maiores taxas de internação ocorreram na Macrorregião de Saúde Oeste, entre o segundo e o quarto triênio. As taxas foram maiores na faixa etária de um a quatro anos e no sexo masculino, durante todo o período. Observou-se tendência crescente das internações em crianças menores de um ano.Conclusão As taxas de internação por pneumonia diferem por macrorregional de saúde, idade e sexo, sendo maior na região oeste, em crianças do sexo masculino e com idade entre um e quatro anos, com tendência crescente entre os menores de um ano.

Objective To analyze distribution and tendency of hospital admissions rates for bacterial pneumonia in children and adolescents.Methods This ecological, time series study included secondary data obtained from the Hospital Information System of the SUS. We calculated hospital admission coefficients for 10,000 inhabitants triennially. For the analysis of tendency, a model of polynomial regression was used.Results Most hospital admissions occurred in the East health macro-region between the second and fourth triennial periods. Rates were higher for children age one to four years and in male patients throughout the study period. We observed an increased tendency toward hospital admission in children younger than one year.Conclusion Hospital admission rates for pneumonia differ by health macro-region, age and sex. The region with the highest incidence was the East region, and boys aged one to four years were more affected. A growing tendency was seen in children younger than one year.

Predictive value of serum procalcitonin for acute stroke patients with bacterial pneumonia:a retrospective case series study / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors for bacterial pneumonia and the predictive value of early serum procalcitonin (PCT) level for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis classification in patients with acute stroke. Methods The patients with acute stroke in neurological intensive care unit were enroled retrospectively and divided into either a bacterial pneumonia group or a non-infection group according to whether they had bacterial pneumonia or not. The former was redivided into a non-severe sepsis subgroup and a severe sepsis subgroup according to the sepsis classification. The demographics, baseline clinical data, and PCT level (the bacterial pneumonia group was the PCT level when infection occurred, the non-infection group was the PCT level within 24 h of admission) were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for bacterial pneumonia. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of serum PCT level for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis classification. Results A total of 164 patients with acute stroke were enroled in the study, including 114 in the bacterial pneumonia group (66 in the non-severe sepsis subgroup and 48 in the severe sepsis subgroup) and 50 in the non-infection group. There were significant differences in age, fasting blood glucose level, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, and PCT level between the bacterial pneumonia group and the non-infection group (P < 0. 05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fasting blood glucose level ≥7 mmol/L (odds ratio [ OR] 8. 488, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 2. 739 - 26. 300; P < 0. 01), GCS score ≤8 (OR 11. 361, 95% CI 2. 175 - 59. 352; P < 0. 01), and PCT level ≥0. 050 ng/ml (OR 16. 715, CI 5. 075 - 55. 049; P < 0. 01) were the independent risk factors for bacterial pneumonia. In the bacterial pneumonia group, the PCT level (median; interquartile range) in the severe sepsis subgroup was significantly higher than that in the non-severe sepsis subgroup (0. 835 [ 0. 164 - 1. 715 ] ng/ml vs. 0. 114 [0. 073 - 0. 275 ] ng/ml; Z = 4. 818, P < 0. 01 ). ROC curve analysis showed that PCT ≥0. 070 ng/ml could better predict the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with acute stroke, with sensitivity of 84. 2% , specificity of 74. 0% and the area under the ROC curve of 0. 865 (CI 0. 806 - 0. 924, P < 0. 01); PCT 0. 669 ng/mlcould better predict the occurrence of severe sepsis in acute stroke patients with bacterial pneumonia, with sensitivity of 56. 3% , specificity of 92. 4% and the area under the ROC curve of 0. 765 (CI 0. 672 - 0. 858; P < 0. 01). Conclusions The early PCT level ≥0. 050 ng/ml was an independent risk factor for occurring bacterial pneumonia in patients with acute stroke, its level had certaln predictive value for bacterial pneumonia and the severity of infection.

Drug resistance and risk factors of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the drug resistance and risk factors of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) induced by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.Methods Clinical data on 114 patients with Acinetobacter baumannii-related HAPs admitted in Wujiang First People' s Hospital in Suzhou during January 2013 and December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the results of drug sensitivity test,patients were divided into imipenem-resistant group and non imipenem-resistant group.Drug resistance to 20 commonly used antibiotics was observed in two groups,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection.Results Among 114 strains ofAcinetobacter baumannii,66 strains (57.89％) were imipenem-resistant and 48 strains (42.11％) were non-imipenem-resistant.The resistance rates to β-lactams,quinolones and aminoglycosides were significantly higher in imipenem-resistant group than those in non-imipenem-resistant group (P ＜ 0.01),and no tigecycline-resistant strain was found in both groups.Univariate analysis showed that acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score ≥ 15,plasma level of albumin ≤ 25 g/L,intensive care unit (ICU) stay,indwelling gastric tube,deep venous catheterization,establishment of artificial airway,mechanical ventilation time ≥ 7 d,use of broad-spectrum antibiotics ≥ 14 d and combined use of antibiotics were risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAP (x2 =13.06,6.86,25.40,15.09,17.87,21.46,17.94,6.91 and 10.10,P ＜0.01).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that establishment of artificial airway [OR =72.014,95％ confidetial interval (CI):19.566-265.061,P ＜ 0.01],and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics ≥ 14 d (OR =3.892,95％ CI:1.092-13.879,P ＜ 0.05) were independent risk factors of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAP.Conclusion Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains are highly resistant to most antibiotics.Strict control of invasive procedures and long-term combined use of antibiotics may reduce the occurrence of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii related HAPs.

Derrame pleural parapneumônico: aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e revisão da literatura / Parapneumonic pleural effusion: the clinical-surgical aspects and literature review

O derrame pleural parapneumônico representa um desafio para o pediatra no tratamento das pneumonias bacterianas. O objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma revisão da literatura dos aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos na abordagem do derrame pleural em Pediatria. Trabalhos recentes têm proporcionado melhor compreensão da sua evolução e orientado a melhor abordagem, incluindo a utilização da ultrassonografia de tórax. A videotoracoscopia é um procedimento cirúrgico seguro e eficiente, devendo ser realizado por profissional capacitado em centros de referência. Os fibrinolíticos surgem como opção interessante e de bom custo-benefício em serviços sem cirurgião-pediatra. O tratamento adequado dirigido à fase evolutiva do derrame pleural tem evitado a internação prolongada e as complicações tardias, como o encarceramento pulmonar, proporcionando melhor qualidade da assistência e redução do sofrimento físico e emocional das crianças e suas famílias.

The parapneumonic pleural effusion represents a challenge to the pediatrician in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. The aim of this study is to review the literature about the clinical-surgical aspects in the approach of the pleural effusion in Pediatrics. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of its evolution and improved approach, including the use of chest ultrasound. The video-assisted thoracic surgery is a safe and efficient procedure, and should be carried out by skilled professionals in reference centers. The fibrinolytics appear as an interesting option associated to cost-effective services without the need of a pediatric surgeon. The proper treatment for the evolutionary stage of pleural effusion has prevented prolonged hospitalizations and late complications, such as pulmonary incarceration, provided better quality of care, and reduced physical and emotional suffering in children and their families.

The changes of procalcitonin level in children with bacterial pneumonia and its clinical significance / 中国基层医药

Objective To observe the changes and clinical significance of procalcitonin(PCT) level in children with bacterial pneumonia.Methods The levels of PCT,hs-CRP and WBC were detected in 31 pneumonia children pre and post antibiotic treatment,and the changes were observed.Results The PCT levels of the 31 patients were all increased before treatment.After cured,PCT level of 28 cases returned to normal.But in the 28 normal cases,WBC level increased in 10 cases(35.7％),and hs-CRP level elevated in 4 cases(14.3％).In the other 3 cases,the PCT levels decreased from 5.69ng/mL,1.25ng/mL and 0.83ng/mL at admission to 0.51ng/mL,0.55ng/mL and 0.52ng/mL,respectively.And in these 3 cases,there was one case with the levels of WBC and hs-CRP respectively ascended,in which WBC level descended from 13.1 × 109/L to 12.1 × 109/L and hs-CRP level reduced from 20.92mg/L to 7.38mg/L.Conclusion The sensitivity of the index PCT is the highest at the accurate time phase of bacterial pneumonia,which can guide the reasonable use of antibiotics.

Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia / Fatores de risco para multirresistência bacteriana em pneumonias adquiridas no hospital não associadas à ventilação mecânica

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in non-ventilated patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study conducted over a three-year period at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. We included only non-ventilated patients diagnosed with HAP and presenting with positive bacterial cultures. Categorical variables were compared with chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for HAP caused by MDR bacteria. RESULTS: Of the 140 patients diagnosed with HAP, 59 (42.1%) were infected with MDR strains. Among the patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and those infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, mortality was 45.9% and 50.0%, respectively (p = 0.763). Among the patients infected with MDR and those infected with non-MDR gram-negative bacilli, mortality was 45.8% and 38.3%, respectively (p = 0.527). Univariate analysis identified the following risk factors for infection with MDR bacteria: COPD; congestive heart failure; chronic renal failure; dialysis; urinary catheterization; extrapulmonary infection; and use of antimicrobial therapy within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP. Multivariate analysis showed that the use of antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria (OR = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.56-7.61; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this single-center study, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria in non-ventilated patients with HAP. .

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia adquirida no hospital (PAH), não associada à ventilação mecânica e causada por bactérias multirresistentes (MR). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo, conduzido ao longo de três anos em um hospital universitário terciário. Incluímos apenas pacientes sem ventilação mecânica, com diagnóstico de PAH e com cultura bacteriana positiva. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A análise de regressão logística foi usada para determinar os fatores de risco para PAH causada por bactérias MR. RESULTADOS: Dos 140 pacientes diagnosticados com PAH, 59 (42,1%) apresentavam infecção por cepas MR. As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes e sensíveis à meticilina, respectivamente, foram de 45,9% e 50,0% (p = 0,763). As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com PAH causada por bacilos gram-negativos MR e não MR, respectivamente, foram de 45,8% e 38,3% (p = 0,527). Na análise univariada, os fatores associados com cepas MR foram DPOC, insuficiência cardíaca crônica, insuficiência renal crônica, diálise, cateterismo urinário, infecções extrapulmonares e uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico de PAH. Na análise multivariada, o uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico foi o único fator preditor independente de cepas MR (OR = 3,45; IC95%: 1,56-7,61; p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo unicêntrico, o uso de antimicrobianos de largo espectro 10 dias antes do diagnóstico de PAH foi o único preditor independente da presença de bactérias MR em pacientes ...